Formidable echo

Giuseppe Moruzzi: a tribute to a "formidable" scientist and a "formidable" man.

Giuseppe Moruzzi was born one century ago; he was an outstanding Italian neurophysiologist, who was particularly famous for his contributions to the study of the mechanisms underlying the control of the sleep-waking cycle in mammals. In 1990, Rita Levi-Montalcini, Moruzzi's great friend and admirer, used the occasion of an invitation by the University of Parma, where Moruzzi graduated in medici...

Formidable Challenges to Teaching Advanced Laparoscopic Skills

Despite the acceptance of laparoscopy for performing routine operations, a need still exists for experienced surgeons and surgical residents to maintain and refine essential surgical skills. Unless used on a frequent basis, laparoscopic skills are not easily maintained. In addition, when new laparoscopic instruments are introduced, surgeons need a way to practice using them that does not involv...

HIV cure research: a formidable challenge

The ultimate goal of HIV cure research is to allow HIV-infected individuals to be free of disease in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. We discuss current directions and future opportunities aimed at achieving sustained virological remission, and possibly eradication. A multidisciplinary approach to HIV cure research will be important, and ethical, social and behavioural research should be ...

Cardiac implantable electronic device infection: formidable, frustrating, and increasingly frequent.

SOS, the formidable strategy of bacteria against aggressions.

The presence of an abnormal amount of single-stranded DNA in the bacterial cell constitutes a genotoxic alarm signal that induces the SOS response, a broad regulatory network found in most bacterial species to address DNA damage. The aim of this review was to point out that beyond being a repair process, SOS induction leads to a very strong but transient response to genotoxic stress, during whi...